Concerns about performance and efficiency in port terminals led many national governments to embark on port reforms …. The Federal government of Nigeria, for example, adopted the Landlord port model which brought about concessioning of port … still complaints about level of service offered to port users. This paper applied key performance indicator metrics and …

Background: To improve port productivity, safety, and sustainability, the use of information and communication … technology is being promoted as a smart port. The utilization of a terminal operation system (TOS) is important for advanced port … port management system in Japan. Results: Japanese TOSs are characterized by a lack of automated functions, such as ship …