A significant extension of the classic EOQ model is the assumption that realized demand decreases if customers are forced to backorder. To capture the way this decrease depends on the waiting time, different functional forms have been proposed, ranging from the simple (e.g., constant or linear...

Previous authors have shown that if demand that cannot be filled from stock is partially backordered, then using the full-backordering model or assuming that all stockouts will result in lost sales can lead to substantial increases in cost relative to using a model that specifically recognizes...