and patents. We document key empirical facts on inventors' productivity over the life cycle, inventors' research teams … better inventors are very strongly correlated with higher subsequent productivity. These facts motivate the main ingredients …

on technology competition and inventive search, we argue that a breakthrough invention first increases the intensity of … group immune to the shock of this breakthrough invention. Moreover, this positive effect is more pronounced for developers …

suggest that the prospect of patent protection spurred technological progress and increased downstream productivity and …Patent protection was introduced for plant biotechnology in the United States in 1985, and it affected crops … crop-specific technology development, I find that the introduction of patent rights increased the development of novel …