We investigate the relationship between gender and foreign language anxiety (FLA) in the second language (L2: English … higher levels of FLA. The association between gender and FLA, however, is a reflection of gender differences in personality … stronger for women; that is, gender also acts as moderator to the personality-FLA relationship. …

Women are often less willing than men to compete, even in tasks where there is no gender gap in performance. Also, many … explain the gender gap in competitiveness. Experiment 1 studies whether stress responses (measured with salivary cortisol and … voluntary competition. We find that while the mandatory competition does increase stress levels, there is no gender difference …

and we analyze whether the gender composition of peers in high school affected their choice of college major, their …