Reviewing current literature on return and reintegration processes, this working paper argues that the mobile livelihood patterns and capacities of displaced populations must be taken into account when donors and agencies plan and support such processes. Seen in this perspective, ‘sustainable...

This paper estimates a structural dynamic life-cycle model of outmigration where, in each period, immigrants choose whether to work in the host country, not to work but remain in the host country, or outmigrate. The model incorporates several features of existing life-cycle theories of...

In this empirical paper we assess how labour market transitions and out- and repeated migration of immigrants are interrelated. We estimate a multi-state multiple spell competing risks model with four states: employed, unemployed receiving benefits, out-of-the-labour market (no benefits) and...