The economists who began using statistics to analyze financial markets in the 1950s have been credited with revolutionizing the scholarship of investing and with inaugurating modern financial economics. By examining the work of economists who used statistics to analyze financial markets before...

Counterfactual framework and assumptions -- Conventional methods for data balancing -- Sample selection and related models -- Propensity score matching and related models -- Matching estimators -- Propensity score analysis with nonparametric regression -- Selection bias and sensitivity analysis...