from stakeholder groups that may suffer as a consequence of foreign direct investment (‘FDI'). ADR methods such as … the developing world where conventional fora such as civil courts may be unavailable, not independent or else too … expensive. The article explores common stakeholder grievance procedures within the international development banks that fund …

agreements (IIAs), most of which provide for investment arbitration as the forum for the resolution of disputes between foreign …

approaches in domestic courts in advanced economies, an approach rarely taken in analysing investor-state arbitration. The first … the early 19th century with generally strong support for commercial arbitration based on ad hoc fee-based remuneration …; and similarities and differences between commercial arbitration and investment arbitration, focusing how the largely …