We propose a test of bias based upon patterns of judicial errors. We model the trial court as minimizing a weighted sum … of type I and II errors. We define racial bias a situation where the weight depends on defendant/victim race. If the …

This paper proposes a test of racial bias in capital sentencing based upon patterns of judicial errors in lower courts … that of letting a guilty defendant free. We define racial bias as a situation where the relative weight on the two types of … between 1973 and 1995. We find robust evidence of bias against minority defendants who killed white victims: in Direct Appeal …

type of political bias in courts that has been previously unexplored, anti-political class bias …

prison inmates. Whether and to what degree these disparities are due to bias in the criminal courts remains a contentious … issue. This article pursues two lines of argument toward a structural account of bias in the criminal law, focusing on (1 … accruing to black and Latino defendants, but do not support the contextual hypotheses. When the cumulative effects of bias are …