discrimination. The common view is that the standard CT can identify what is typically defined as discrimination in a legal sense … - what we label total discrimination in the current study -, although it cannot separate between preferences and statistical … discrimination. However, Heckman and Siegelman (1993) convincingly show that audit and correspondence studies can obtain biased …

Correspondence tests have been used by scholars and civil rights organizations to measure ethnic discrimination. In … contrast to research testing covering a whole market through many discrimination tests, litigation testing typically targets a … methodological challenges to disentangle systematic discrimination from random treatment. This study examines from a purely …