the formal pensions sytem. Further, the less risk tolerant choose private individual retirement accounts over a publicly …

formal pensions system. Further, the less risk tolerant choose private individual retirement accounts over a publicly …

appear to contribute only little to reducing income risk and its consequences. Despite these strategies, vulnerability to … well as the information requirements to increase our understanding of vulnerability and implement better vulnerability …

countries studied, recommendations have been explored that could help reduce the level of vulnerability at the retirement stage …

average, LAC's pension systems are subsidized, as they provide pensions above what workers would have obtained by investing … replacement rates (pensions relative to earnings) for low-income workers. Despite this progressivity, in some countries, absolute … much more progressive, but still, because low-income workers do not qualify for minimum pensions, between 50-60% of …