Starting in 2004, the Guyanese foreign exchange rate has been remarkably stable relative to earlier periods. This paper explores the reasons for the stability of the rate. First, the degree of concentration in the foreign exchange market has increased, thus making the task of moral suasion...

Evidence about commercial banks' liquidity preference says the following about the loan market in less developed countries (LDCs): (i) the loan interest rate is a minimum mark-up rate; (ii) the loan market is characterized by oligopoly power; and (iii) indirect monetary policy, a cornerstone of...

This paper explores the composition of international reserves under a central bank’s exchange rate policy target. The model allows for numerical estimation of the shadow price – interpreted as the central bank’s sacrifice of policy precision given additional unit of portfolio variance or...

The spillover effects of strong dollar and euro, two dominant currencies, on emerging market economies (the periphery) are examined. This paper empirically studies the dominant currency shocks on foreign exchange (FX) constraint, economic growth, external debt, and inflation. Com-paring the...