It is readily assumed that the average level of living in Indonesia deteriorated during the hectic period 1940-1950. Much of the evidence on economic change during this period is anecdotal. It is difficult to distil a general impression from it. Per capita food consumption is an important...

Under the Tokugawa shogunate, 1603-1868, registered peasants were guaranteed their residual claim to crop from their land, but shielded from the market risk. Provided with incentives for productivity increase but protected from the market risk, millions of peas-ant family continuously managed...

Afghanistan's economic problems are often assumed to stem solely from the internal warfare that began in 1978. Is this assumption correct? I consider this question by comparing Afghanistan from 1961 to 2006 with Pakistan (a neighboring country with a similarly low level of development in the...

Development theories of dual economy emphasize interactions between the modern sector and the traditional sector through factor and commodity market linkages for long run growth of the economy. Within this paradigm of development this paper tries to explain why substantial investments in a...

Iran’s agriculture part is one of the areas that can have an important effect on the growth of country’s economy. Concerning this, variables that can increase value added agriculture have been concentrated on and the government is supporting them. One of these policies is granting loanable...

Chinese customs and law have traditionally prevented a land seller from conveying outright title to a buyer. The ancient custom of dian, which persisted until the 1949 Revolution, gave a land seller and his lineage an immutable option to buy back sold land at the original sale price. This...

Diversified business groups dominate the private sectors of most of the world's economies. Several of these economies have undergone sudden policy changes that significantly increase competitive intensity. We demonstrate how the changes in corporate scope that accompany such "competitive shocks"...

This article looks back at the relationship between Australia and China, particularly following the normalisation of relations in 1972.

The paper presents a brief theoretical and historical explanation of the transformative process of the Japanese economy from a stagnant agrarian society to a modern industrial one. Specifically, it analyzes the role of agriculture in the early stage of Japan's development in the last three...

Contemporary popular movements in the Middle East and North Africa convey uncertain implications of the nature and goals of the revolting masses and the possible consequences. However, on the ideological nature of the motivators there are contradicting factors. The socioeconomic motives and the...