Rather than legal enactment and collective bargaining being the main engines of the 'Europeanisation' of industrial relations, benchmarking and 'soft' forms of regulation are increasingly to the fore. This article traces the origins of benchmarking from management tool to regulatory instrument,...

The operation of European Works Councils (EWCs) is taking management and employee representatives in MNCs into uncharted territory. In particular, for companies headquartered in Anglo-Saxon economies there is little domestic tradition of statutory employee consultation. Drawing on comparative...

This article draws on past as well as present to offer a systematic overview of co-ordinated bargaining, which many commentators see as a likely vehicle for the "Europeanization" of industrial relations. It argues that co-ordinated bargaining is indeed likely to play a major role within the EU,...

This paper presents a systematic analysis of the factors influencing the nature of the "constrained choices" being made by management and employee representatives in concluding agreements establishing EWCs. Four influences - a "statutory model effect"; a "learning effect"; a "country effect";...