A strategy of exiting from the business through the public market is touched upon. Interrelation of IPO market and M&A transactions market is studied. Objective and subjective reasons which have an impact on the efficiency of exit from the business though an IPO are revealed. Positive and...

The central question of this study involves the relation between the use of takeover defenses and IPO firm value. We report that management frequently uses takeover defenses before taking the firm public. The use of takeover defenses is primarily motivated by managerial entrenchment. IPO...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess whether the decision to issue warrants in an initial public offering (IPO) is subject to catering influences. Design/methodology/approach – The approach used was to measure the market “warrant premium” and assess whether it relates to the...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the fundamental purpose of the 1992 Small Business Incentive Act (SBIA) to reduce the regulatory burden for small firms to raise public equity capital. Design/methodology/approach – Our research compares initial public offerings (IPOs) that...

The objective of this study is to compare fixed price and book building IPOs in terms of aftermarket performances. On a sample of 28 IPOs (15 book build and 13 fixed price) from 2004 to 2007, it is found that book built IPOs outperform fixed price IPOs, on the contrary to most of the studies...

We examine the contribution of when-issued trading to price discovery and underpricing in the Indian IPO market. Besides the when-issued trading, there exists IPO grading, analyst recommendation, group affiliation, and the subscription rates in the bookbuilding process. We examine the impact of...

In this study, I develop a model that describes underwriters' price-setting behavior during initial public offerings (IPOs). Because of reputational concerns during high valuation periods, top-tier underwriters adjust the initial offer price valuation to the lower, historical industry valuation....

Fear of private equity (PE) firms 'putting lipstick on the pig' when divesting investee companies is common in the IPO investor market. PE firms wishing to maximise their exit value showcase investee companies in the best possible light. While PE firms are thought to add considerable value to...

This paper tries to answer the question: would the initial/long-run returns IPO significantly differ when various alternative measurements of market portfolio are adopted? Briefly, this study states that various methodologies for market returns might correspond to different magnitudes of...

We consider the initial public offering (IPO) returns of penny stocks before and after Penny Stock Reform Act (PSRA) implementation. We extend the work of Bradley et al. (2006) by looking not only at NASDAQ small capitalisation issues, but also those issued on the bulletin boards and pink...