litigation risk measure: federal judge ideology. We find that judge ideology complements existing measures of litigation risk … based on industry membership and firm characteristics. Firms in liberal circuits (the third quartile in ideology) are 33 … ideology). This result is stronger after the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the Tellabs case. We next show that the effect of …

The article presents a conceptual framework and empirical methodology of an on-going research on the role of ideology … ideology in the courts of European countries and international courts is still rare. This can be explained by conceptual …, contra to the mainstream theoretical approach in the field, based on a multidimensional conception of ideology that is …