There is a growing consensus among both economists-academics and policymakers that there was at least one missing element of the financial safety net during the Global Financial Crisis. This element, which will probably improve financial stability (or protect against financial instability), is...

Central Bankers are currently facing big challenges in designing and implementing monetary policy, as well as with safeguarding financial stability, with the world economy still in the process of digesting the legacy of the crisis. The crisis has changed central banking in many ways: by shifting...

Introduction. Poland thirty years on : 1989-2019 / Anna Visvizi, Anna Matysek-Jędrych and Katarzyna Mroczek-Dąbrowska -- Transition and transformation : the case of Poland / Anna Visvizi and Katarzyna Żukrowska -- Trade and financial openness of the Polish economy in the context of economic...

The purpose of this paper is to explain how national innovation systems may transform innovation input into innovation output in different counties. Using the Global Innovation Index (GII) we discuss what can be understood by the term "innovation" and how it is translated into the national...