Motivated by the insight of Keynes (1936) on the importance of higher-order beliefs in financial markets, we examine the role of such beliefs in generating drift in asset prices. We show that in a dynamic setting, a higher-order difference of opinions is necessary for heterogeneous beliefs to...

The empirical evidence on investor disagreement and trading volume is difficult to reconcile in standard rational expectations models. We develop a dynamic model in which investors disagree about the interpretations of public information. We obtain a closed-form linear equilibrium that allows us...

We study how leaks affect a firm's communication decisions and real efficiency. A privately informed manager strategically chooses both public disclosure and internal communication to employees. Public disclosure is noisy, but in the absence of leaks, internal communication is perfectly...