This paper analyses how competition between media firms influences the way they are financed. In a setting where monopoly media firms choose to be completely financed by consumer payments, competition may lead the media firms to be financed by advertising as well. The closer substitutes the...

We analyze firms’ investment behavior, differentiating firms according to the cash flow levels they experience during their lifecycles. We consequently consider the firm as the basic unit and not firm-year observations. Firms with persistent positive cash flow show higher investment-cash flow...

The aim of this study is to depict the ownership and financial structure of Finnish small and medium-sized biotechnology enterprises. Most of the firms are owned by several groups of owners. In small companies the largest share of equity is held by individuals active in the business. Private...

This study investigates the capital and ownership structures of small and medium-sized pharmaceutical-related biotechnology firms (bio-pharmaceutical companies) in Finland. These structures are also analyzed taking into account general characteristics and intangible assets of the business...

ETLA, the Research Institute of the Finnish Economy, conducted surveys at the end of 2004 and at the beginning of 2002 on the enterprises listed in the Index of Biotechnology Companies in the Finnish Bioindustries organization. The surveys provide data on financial accounting, R&D activities,...

Recent ”law and finance” research implies that minority shareholder rights are heavily affected by the legal tradition. This in turn has economic implications for a company´s ability to raise equity capital from outsiders, i.e., from minority investors. In a famous study by La Porta et al....

An entrepreneur with information about firm quality seeks financing from an uninformed investor in order to pay a worker. I show that if the worker, too, knows the true quality of the firm, then certain long term wage agreements can credibly signal firm quality. Such wage agreements have a low...

We examine the differential impact of portfolio debt, portfolio equity, and FDI inflows on 37 manufacturing industries, 99 countries, 1991-2007, extending Rajan-Zingales (1998). We utilize external finance dependence measures in a series of cross-sectional regressions of manufacturing...

We examine the differential impact of portfolio debt, portfolio equity, and FDI inflows on 37 manufacturing industries, 99 countries, 1991-2007, extending Rajan-Zingales (1998). We utilize external finance dependence measures in a series of cross-sectional regressions of manufacturing...