exploitation of knowledge as an input across the hierarchy and the associated communication costs. We relate these metrics to host … complexity and productivity which dominates the already known correlation between vertical integration and productivity. Results … ; Financial Development ; Property Rights ; Vertical Integration ; Corporate Ownership ; Organization of Production ; Productivity …

-sector workplaces in 32 countries, we document conditional correlations between ER and the depth of hierarchy that are consistent with … changes. Taken together, our findings suggest that ER increases the depth of firm hierarchy by facilitating the flow of …