The net contribution of the decomposed measures of foreign direct investment (FDIs), e.g., the inward and outward flows of FDIs, to domestic investment is still inconclusive in the case of underdeveloped and developing countries. The current literature bears testimony to this fact. Hence, this...

Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) ratings are widely recognised methods to assess the sustainability practices of corporations. However, the scores of these ratings are not satisfactory in emerging market economies. This study examines the financial factors that influence ESG ratings...

COVID-19 has placed a focus on the global energy industry. The global energy system in 2020 and beyond was covered in this article. The epidemic had immediate implications on energy demand, particularly for oil, and on energy bills. According to the IEA, understanding the development of the...

National governments and their development partners have considered microcredit as a strategic tool for vulnerable populations. Easy access to finance increases the client’s ability to invest and allows clients to use resources to change their behaviour, increase their business opportunities...