article shows that multilingualism is (and will be for the foreseeable future) by far the most effective language policy for …This article addresses the question of the effectiveness and the fairness of the language policy of the European Union …, by carrying out a comparative analysis of four alternative language regimes. A monolingual language policy based on …

This paper investigates the economic returns to language skills and bilingualism. The analysis is staged in Kazakhstan …, a multi-ethnic country with complex ethnic settlement patterns that has switched its official state language from … bilingualism on earnings while Russian was the official state language in the 1990s. Surprisingly, the Kazakh language continues to …