This paper investigates the economic returns to language skills and bilingualism. The analysis is staged in Kazakhstan …, a multi-ethnic country with complex ethnic settlement patterns that has switched its official state language from … bilingualism on earnings while Russian was the official state language in the 1990s. Surprisingly, the Kazakh language continues to …

Germany and Canada stand at polar ends of the scientific debate over language integration and ascension to citizenship …. German naturalization, as of January 2000, contains an explicit language criterion for naturalization. The first German … aims at language as a criterion for legal immigration. Canada, in effect, does not base entry or citizenship on knowledge …

Why do we choose one language over another? Rival views see language frontiers as exogenous, driven by policy, or … endogenous, determined by social, cultural and economic forces. We study language loss in nineteenth-century Ireland's bilingual … education received by a community's elders on subsequent generations' language use. This is consistent with an endogenous demand …