19th century in the United States. We construct new measures of fertility changes and measures of railroad access at the … county level from 1850 - 1890. We are able to document market-access-induced changes in fertility due to both extensive … margins (shifts in occupations with different average fertility rates) and intensive margins (changes in fertility within each …

income shocks. Identification relies on fertility differences between farm and non-farm households within counties and over … time. The results suggest that in areas with a high variance in rainfall the fertility differential between farm households … other relevant forces such as income, education and children’s survival as well as the spatial correlation in fertility …

Fertility is a main driver and outcome of long-term growth. Yet, fertility may not only interact with the level of … income but also with its volatility. In pre-modern economies where formal social security was largely absent, fertility … transition in the United States covering the period 1870 to 1930 and explore whether variation in fertility among American …

household outcomes. We find that in cities with a larger kindergarten exposure, families significantly reduced fertility, with …. Households reduced fertility because kindergarten attendance increased returns to education, but it also led to higher …

Fertility is a main driver and outcome of long-term growth. Yet, fertility may not only interact with the level of … income but also with its volatility. In pre-modern economies where formal social security was largely absent, fertility … transition in the United States covering the period 1870 to 1930 and explore whether variation in fertility among American …

higher marriage rates for women and lower for men. Land abundance favored higher fertility. The demands of childcare …

19th century in the United States. We construct new measures of fertility changes and measures of railroad access at the … county level from 1850 – 1890. We are able to document market-access-induced changes in fertility due to both extensive … margins (shifts in occupations with different average fertility rates) and intensive margins (changes in fertility within each …

The United States in the 19th century was marked by initially quite high fertility levels but also by the onset of a … relatively early and steep decline in fertility. Most of what we know about these patterns in the US comes from aggregate … (typically county or state level) data. We provide new, micro-level evidence on patterns of fertility change in the US in the …

income shocks. Identification relies on fertility differences between farm and non-farm households within counties and over … time. The results suggest that in areas with a high variance in rainfall the fertility differential between farm households … other relevant forces such as income, education and children’s survival as well as the spatial correlation in fertility …