requires state and local government employers to offer "qualified retirement plans," or they must automatically enroll their … workers in Social Security. To define a “qualified retirement plan,” the IRS uses a “safe harbor” provision that sets minimum … thresholds for defined contribution and defined benefit retirement plans. Prior work has demonstrated that the safe harbor …

retirement behavior as low-skilled Germans. The results are consistent with low-skilled workers in Germany being frozen in a …

close to retirement. The age pattern is partly explained by the positive effect of pension wealth on disability pensions …