development and provides considerable resources to reduce armed conflicts. However, other forms of violence, such as suicide … time, scholars in the field of public health have been arguing for putting selfdirected and interpersonal violence higher … and recipients have so far neither recognized self-directed nor interpersonal violence as a major development issue …

We investigate the empirical impact of violence as compared to other trade impediments on trade flows. Our analysis is … of terrorism, as well as internal and external conflict is equivalent to as much as a 30 percent tariff on trade. This is …