We differentiate fundamental and discretionary loan-loss provisioning by specifying a balance sheet perspective model with two bank-specific variables and one external economic variable. Based on panel data of US commercial banks between 1990 and 2000, we find that on average, US banks are...

We investigate the impact of US economic sanctions on EU's trade using a panel data approach expressed in a two-level framework. Both multilateral and unilateral sanctions involving the US and the EU have a negative impact on EU trade (total, imports and exports). We argue that unilateral...

The paper focuses on a so-called emission-dependent supply chain consisting of one single emission-dependent manufacturer and one single emission permit supplier in the ‘cap-and-trade’ system, where emission permit becomes requisite for production. We consider the emission cap of...

The Handbook of Behavioral Finance is a comprehensive, topical and concise source of cutting-edge research on recent developments in behavioral finance.

Cellulose, as an energy substance with tremendous resources, is reproducible and is a breakthrough point for the research of renewable energy. It is urgent and necessary to realize the conversion of cellulose with high efficiency under the mild condition. Ru immobilized on CNTs (Ru/CNTs)...