(panel) unit root and cointegration techniques, widely used by now in the Kuznets curve literature, cannot be applied …, is that the unit root and cointegration methods have been used too uncritically. In particular the notorious small sample … problems of unit root and cointegration problems have been neglected. By applying various bootstrap algorithms and several …

In recent years many empirical studies of environmental Kuznets curves employing unit root and cointegration techniques …

environmental pollution. Scholars have estimated turning point incomes for various pollutants within and across countries. However … countries. In particular, the relationship between economic growth and air pollution in Africa remains largely unexplored. In … countries. Further, our examination of the effect of democracy on air pollution reveals an insignificant effect for CO2 for both …

between pollution, environmental degradation, and income within the conceptual framework of the two transitions: the …