trade costs that indirectly infers trade frictions from observable trade data. I show that this trade cost measure is … show that U.S. trade costs with major trading partners declined on average by about 40 percent between 1970 and 2000, with … Mexico and Canada experiencing the biggest reductions. -- trade costs ; gravity ; multilateral resistance ; Ricardian trade …

trade costs that indirectly infers trade frictions from observable trade data. I show that this trade cost measure is … show that U.S. trade costs with major trading partners declined on average by about 40 percent between 1970 and 2000, with …

This paper surveys the measurement of trade costs --- what we know, and what we don't know but may usefully attempt to … find out. Partial and incomplete data on direct measures of costs go together with inference on implicit costs from trade … flows and prices. Total trade costs in rich countries are large. The ad valorem tax equivalent is about 170% when pushing …