The urban-rural divide in China was an entrenched feature of Chinese society in the Maoist era. This divide generated … and continues to generate inequality as between the rural population and the urban population. In post-Deng China, legal …-urban migration. Nevertheless, the urban-rural divide still exists, and the income of farmers is below that of urban residents. In …

Large scale rural-to-urban migration and China's household registration system have resulted in about 61 million … children being left-behind in rural villages when their parents migrate to the cities. This paper uses survey and experimental … childhood as a result of migration is associated with increased criminality in adulthood. Control functions and sibling fixed …

could help explain why the majority of them choose to leave their children behind. We identified the causal impacts of … higher fees deter migrant workers from bringing their children with them, especially their daughters, reduce the number of … children they bring, and increase educational remittances to rural areas for the children left behind. Increases in school fees …