Recent literature suggests that regulatory risk measures do not adequately capture the actual economic risk of bank … risk sensitivity, i.e., the response of Basel risk weights to asset volatility as our measure of a bank's asset portfolio …

In June 2014 the ECB became the first major central bank to lower one of its key policy rates to negative territory … by using individual bank data for the euro area to identify possible adjustments by banks triggered by the introduction … of negative interest rates through three channels: government bond holdings, bank lending, and wholesale funding. We find …