The new creations and innovations which are formulated in the minds of the human minds are recognized as a mode of an intangible property which, people can enjoy a specific set of rights over them. These are called 'intellectual property' as it is attached with the intellect of the people.There...

Innovative products form the foundation for the international success of electromedical technology in Germany. This is shown both in the strong sales achieved by the German medical technology segment compared with other industrial countries and the export share of more than 70%, which even...

Selective contracting is an increasingly popular tool for reducing health care costs, but these savings must be weighed against consumer surplus losses from restricted access. In both public and private prescription drug insurance plans, issuers utilize preferred pharmacy networks to reduce drug...

We study the economic and political effects of competition by state-owned firms, leveraging the decentralized entry of public pharmacies to local markets in Chile around local elections. Public pharmacies sell drugs at a third of private pharmacy prices, because of a stronger upstream bargaining...