, and the relative chances of girls surviving after birth. We find a moderation of son-biased fertility, erosion of gender …

intergenerational mobility if parents at the bottom of the income distribution invest significantly less in their children’s human … capital. I consider whether public investments in children can potentially offset the inequality of private investments … period 2000–2009, I find that increases in spending on health are most strongly associated with reductions in the importance …

Little is known about the response behavior of parents whose children are exposed to an early-life shock. We interpret … of the long-term effects of early-life shocks on children. These estimates should only be interpreted as reduced … lower bound of the biological effect. For exposed children from higher socioeconomic backgrounds, there are no detrimental …

maternal age has an overall detrimental effect on offspring health and cognition. We show that children born to early mothers … early motherhood for the mother have been extensively investigated, the impact on their children is severely understudied … investigates the effect of early maternal age on offspring human capital development in terms of health and cognition, and relies …

Childhood obesity has adverse health and productivity consequences and poses negative externalities to health services … hypothetical investment scenarios. We show that perceived returns are predictive of health investments and outcomes, and that less … educated parents perceive the returns to health investments to be lower, thus contributing to the socioeconomic inequality in …

This Element reviews what we know about parental investments and children's human capital in low …-to-middle-income countries (LMICs). First, it presents definitions and a simple analytical framework; then discusses determinants of children …'s human capital in the form of cognitive skills, socioemotional skills and physical and mental health; then reviews estimates …