Government bankruptcies in the countries of the so-called periphery during the period of the gold standard were no rare events. They were also not limited to the Ottoman Empire and the Balkan countries. Prominent examples outside this region were Peru, Brazil, Argentina and Portugal.In this...

Based on historical evidence and on verbally presented analyses scholars studying geopolitical relationships have proposed several hypotheses of general interest, namely: 1. Centrally located countries are at a disadvantage compared to those at the periphery. 2. Multipolar Systems of states are...