connected in a cause and effect relationship with inflation and real output, the driving forces behind commodity price …

output, aggregate demand, and inflation to an increase in commodity price are magnified when these rules are imperfectly … volatility. Also, our results indicate that having an explicit fiscal rule and an inflation targeting regime contribute to …

whether changes in the interest rate are due to changes in the expected inflation rate or the real interest rate …

overwhelmingly large. This finding is confirmed under different identification strategies for the monetary policy shock …

high degree of exchange rate pass-through to headline inflation and the weak monetary transmission mechanism in PICs … suggest a greater efficacy of exchange rate changes in affecting inflation rather than monetary policy. To assess the tradeoff … rate changes and headline inflation and the low interest rate sensitivity of aggregate demand …

whether changes in the interest rate are due to changes in the expected inflation rate or the real interest rate …