In the last few decades, electricity markets have undergone extensive reforms. A process of liberalizing electricity markets has been implemented by several countries, reducing the incumbents' market power. Thus, generation and retail are open to competition, while transmission and distribution...

The survival of University spin-offs (USOs) has been directly related to their role as product innovators and as technology transfer agents for years. However, the lack of management abilities and support to get financial resources and strategic alliances make their survival more difficult than...