Purpose: This paper proposes the use of a gauge function as a measure of technical efficiency. The measure of technical inefficiency from a gauge function is desirable as the estimation of a gauge function is not subject to the endogeneity problem under the behavioral assumption of profit...

This study aims to contribute to drawing a more complete picture of the role of multilateral economic and political institutions. Particularly, we pursue answers to questions such as how much influence participation in multilateral trade arrangements and military alliance has on bilateral trade...