Principal-agent problems between corporate parent and subsidiary operations are frequently exacerbated in international settings by exchange rate fluctuations between the foreign subsidiary's local currency and the parent multinational corporation's reference currency. We develop a conceptual...

International business research has long acknowledged the importance of regional factors for foreign direct investment (quot;FDIquot;) by multinational corporations (quot;MNCsquot;). However, significant differences when defining these regions obscure the analysis about how and why regions...

We use partisan and opportunistic political business cycle quot;PBCquot; considerations to develop a framework for explaining election-period decisions by credit rating agencies quot;agenciesquot; publishing developing country sovereign risk-ratings quot;ratingsquot;. We test six hypotheses...