This paper examines a critical question in the application of machine learning models in the social sciences, namely the use of performance metrics for model evaluation of binary classification tasks. More specifically, it investigates how sample data imbalance as measured in prevalence level...

Young women outnumber young men in cities in many countries during periods of economic growth and urbanization. This gender imbalance among young urbanites is more pronounced in larger cities. We use the gradual rollout of special economic zones across China as a quasi-experiment to establish...

Young women outnumber young men in cities in many countries during periods of economic growth and urbanization. This gender imbalance among young urbanites is more pronounced in larger cities. We use the gradual rollout of special economic zones across China as a quasi-experiment to establish...

This paper investigates the relationship between female CEOs and insolvency risk of U.S. property-casualty insurance companies. We show that female CEOs are associated with lower insurer insolvency propensity, higher z-score, and lower standard deviation of return on assets. These findings are...

We examine the determinants and consequences of an important but understudied strategy in managing political risks—firm political alignment (FPA), defined as the extent to which firms align their activities with government agendas. We argue that FPA increases firm legitimacy in the eyes of the...

We document an improvement in analysts’ forecast accuracy following increased sector ETF ownership. We identify a possible channel for this result, i.e., because ETFs are more informative with respect to industry-level information, analysts learn directly and efficiently from ETFs about this...

This paper undertakes a comparison between five multifactor variants of the capital asset pricing model, where this is augmented by size, book to market value, momentum, liquidity and a new investor protection metric based on the product of institutional quality in a country and the proportion...

This paper examines the extent to which a change in the cost of car ownership affects the house price gradient with respect to distance from the central business district (CBD). Theory suggests that if the cost of owning a car increases, people will use other modes of transportation, thus...