While the general principle that fines for antitrust violations be set at deterrent levels is well established in prevailing Guidelines on Fines, how these principles are to be interpreted in specific cases is not even considered, or at most only non-operational indications are provided. This...

Public procurement markets differ from all others because quantities do not adjust with prices, but are fixed by the bidding authority. As a result, there is a high incentive for organizing cartels (the price elasticity of demand is zero below the base price) that are quite stable because there...

In developing countries, legal provisions that prohibit abusive behavior often have a wider application than in the EU or in the US. China ‘s law is also concerned with abuse of administrative power, Russia's law overstresses unequal contracts conditions, India's law takes over the idea of...