Reverse logistics networks are often implemented to ensure a sustainable product or material recovery and to improve a company's sustainability footprint. The most common approach for designing bi-directional networks is the independent design of reverse and forward networks. The joint...

Since the beginning of its market economy and open-door policy in 1978, China has extensively promoted foreign direct investment. Consequently, many western MNCs have entered the country in search of new business opportunities. Today, one of the greatest challenges facing these organizations is...