Standardized means, commonly used in observational studies in epidemiology to adjust for potential confounders, are equal to inverse probability weighted means with inverse weights equal to the empirical propensity scores. More refined standardization corresponds with empirical propensity scores...

In this paper, we integrate intra-region labor migration and inter-region labor migration into Harris–Todaro model in the presence of unidirectional trans-boundary pollution. We conduct a simple comparative static analysis of regional economic and environmental effects of the central...