This paper, using Japanese firm-level data, presents findings about innovative activities in the service sector and the role of patents and trade secrets on innovation. According to the analysis, first, service firms have fewer product innovations than do manufacturing firms, but the...

This paper compares the wage structure between the public and private sectors in Japan by using a large microdata set covering public and private sector employees. Rather than comparing overall wage levels, we examine the differences in relative wages by gender, age, education, and region....

Using data on a large number of Japanese firms, this paper empirically analyzes the relationship between family ownership of firms and productivity growth and survival. The results show that the annual productivity growth rate of family firms is approximately 2% slower than that of non-family...