Marine logistics has become increasingly important as the amount of global trade has increased. Products are usually packed in various sizes of boxes, which are then arranged into containers before shipping. Shipping companies aim to optimise the use of space when packing heterogeneous boxes...

The timetabling of lecturers, seminars, practical sessions and examinations is a core business process for academic institutions. A feasible timetable must satisfy hard constraints. An optimum timetable will additionally satisfy soft constraints, which are not absolutely essential. An Ant Colony...