We investigate a model that considers disposal and recycling activities after the consumption of products. In the field, the deposit-refund (D-R) policy has been considered as an ideal policy for internalizing disposal costs, which can result in the realization of the first-best policy. However,...

I investigate the optimal environmental tax under a policy based on extended producer responsibility (EPR) in oligopoly markets. I introduce the recycling market and explicitly consider how these policies affect the incentive for recycling. I derive the optimal tax rule, which depends on the...

I investigate the optimal environmental tax under a policy based on extended producer responsibility (EPR) in oligopoly markets. I introduce the recycling market and explicitly consider how these policies affect the incentive for recycling. I derive the optimal tax rule, which depends on the...