This study considers pricing policies in a supply chain with one manufacturer, who sells a product to an independent retailer and directly to consumers through an Internet channel. In addition to the manufacturer’s product, the retailer sells a substitute product produced by another...

Open shortest path first (OSPF) is the most widely used intra-domain Internet routing protocol. The OSPF protocol directs the Internet traffic along the shortest paths that are defined by the links weight. Traffic engineering is responsible for improving the network performance, for instance,...