Debates surrounding the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from land use of biofuels production have created a need to quantify the relative land use GHG intensity of fossil fuels. When contrasting land use GHG intensity of fossil fuel and biofuel production, it is the energy yield that greatly...

Low-carbon fuel policies such as the federal Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) and California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) encourage the use of low-carbon fuels through different incentive mechanisms. One outcome of these market-based designs is that incentives for fuel shuffling exist for...

California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) adopted by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) on April 23, 2009 requires a 10% reduction in the average greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensity of the state’s transportation fuels by 2020. This regulation is expected to reduce lifecycle GHG...

California is a leader in developing and implementing policies that reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, improve air quality, and encourage efficient use of energy and other resources. At the same time policymakers are often limited in their access to transparent and high-quality technical and...

California's low carbon fuel standard (LCFS) was designed to incentivize a diverse array of available strategies for reducing transportation greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It provides strong incentives for fuels with lower GHG emissions, while explicitly requiring a 10% reduction in...

Heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) account for less than 2-5% of the vehicles on the road in Europe but contribute to 15-22% of CO2 emissions from road transport. Battery electric trucks (BETs) could be deployed on a large scale to reduce greenhouse gas emissions but they require charging infrastructure...