This paper examines empirically the importance of relationship investments in determining the duration of coal contracts negotiated between coal suppliers and electric utilities, using data for 277 coal contracts. For each contract, measures of the duration of contractual commitments agreed to...

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments initiated the first large-scale use of the tradable permit approach to pollution control. The theoretical case for this approach rests on the assumption of an efficient market for emission rights. The authors' empirical analysis shows that the emission rights...

Over the last twenty years several network industries that evolved historically as either private or state-owned regulated vertically integrated monopolies have been privatized, restructured, and some vertical segments deregulated. These industries include telecommunications, natural gas,...