Riverine export into the ocean contributes greatly to global microplastic (MP) contamination, yet little is known about the dynamic variation of MP in the water columns of estuarine systems. To increase our understanding of this process, we sampled during four seasons at ebb and flood tides the...

Agroecosystems suffer from various ecological risks due to the intensive production of crops. Many studies have been conducted on cropland ecological risk caused by chemical pollutants. However, the literature on the comprehensive assessment of cropland ecological risk remains limited. This...

Since the launch of 50 ETF index option in February 2015, its trading volume keeps increasing year by year. This reflects the strong potential of the Chinese option market. As there were few English research on the 50 ETF option, I was very interested in applying the Black-Scholes (BS) and...

This paper quantifies how much of exports from eight East Asian economies were consumed by consumers in China, US, Japan, other developed economies, and the rest of the world. We control for the indirect exports through China, i.e., the parts and components that East Asian economies exported to...

This paper examines how China's exports are affected by exchange rate shocks from countries who supply intermediate inputs to China. We build a simple small open economy model with intermediate goods trade to show that due to the intraregional trade in intermediate goods, a devaluation of other...

This paper studies how financial markets in the US and Mainland China affected equity, money and foreign exchange markets in Hong Kong on daily basis during the current financial crisis, and how these financial linkages have changed compared with the experience in 2001. In the equity markets,...

While new conventional wisdom warns that developing countries should be aware of the risks of premature capital account liberalization, the costs of not removing exchange controls have received much less attention. This paper investigates the negative effects of exchange controls on trade. To...

The worst of the global financial crisis is probably behind us, but the trajectory to recovery may vary widely across economies. Employing a dynamic structural multi-country model with a financial accelerator, this paper studies the role of three important policy actions in economic recovery:...

Fighting global financial crises is a primary charge of the IMF. Yet it has often been criticized to have hindered rather than helped the recovery of many countries in a crisis by demanding policy changes that may not be appropriate for them in that particular moment. Such actions would tend to...

Trade reform conditions are common in IMF supported programs. Of the 99 countries that had IMF programs during 1993-2003, 77 had trade reform conditions in their programs. Since the WTO has not been found especially effective in promoting trade openness for most developing countries, it is of...