Maintenance genes can be used for normalization in the comparison of gene expressions. Even though the absolute expression levels of maintenance genes may vary considerably among different tissues or cells, a set of maintenance genes may provide suitable normalization if their expression levels...

Normalization of expression levels applied to microarray data can help in reducing measurement error. Different methods, including cyclic loess, quantile normalization and median or mean normalization, have been utilized to normalize microarray data. Although there is considerable literature...

Historically, manager skill has been measured simply as the difference in average returns between the portfolio and the benchmark index. Managers were considered skillful if their active weights against the benchmark led to outperformance. However, a manager tilting toward a certain risk-factor,...

Classical performance attribution methods do not explicitly assess managers' dynamic allocation skill in the factor domain. The authors propose a generalized framework for performance attribution that decomposes the allocation effect into value added from both static and dynamic factor exposures...

After reviewing the methodologies behind the more popular quantitative investment strategies offered to investors as passive equity indices, the authors devised an integrated evaluation framework. They found that the strategies outperform their cap-weighted counterparts largely owing to exposure...