The DCF method or multiples are used to value companies in practice. Starting with the value additivity principle, the paper presents a general framework for DCF valuation. This framework allows defining stepwise and aggregated approaches to value risky cash flows and identifying inconsistent...

Since the mid-1960s inflation has been a consistent aspect of the U.S. economy. Even at the relatively low rates of approximately 2% that prevail today, inflation can have an important impact on property tax appraisal and must be treated consistently. In this paper, we derive the proper formulas...

The objective of this research paper is to examine if DCF models offer reliable and accurate valuations of Wal-Mart. With the purpose of achieving most accurate results, an efficient combination between theory and practice was implemented throughout the valuation. The DCF valuation of free cash...

To value shares there are two usual methods that, if properly applied, provide the same value: 1/ Present value of expected free cash flows (FCF) discounted with the WACC rate and then, subtract the value of debt; and 2/ Present value of expected equity cash flows (ECF) discounted with the Ke...

This paper presents a real valuation performed by a well-known investment bank, with two common errors and with two very different values for the equity of a firm:a) €6,9 million calculating the Present Value of expected free cash flows (FCF) discounted with the WACC rate and then, subtracting...